Introduction: So far, the use of Water Sensitive Urban Design ((WSUD)) has not been investigated in cities of Iran. This issue, for the first time introduced in Australia in 1994, has been implemented in several countries, such as America, Germany, the Netherlands, and Australia. The main objective of (WSUD) is to establish a link between Urban planning and Design, and landscape Design with sustainable management of Water flows in a city. In other words, this approach tries to revitalize the natural Water cycle in the city by presenting Urban Design-oriented solutions that may have less environmental damages. Material and methods: In this descriptive-qualitative research, the (WSUD) approach has been firstly addressed; then, its indicators, as integrated Water management factors, have been extracted, evaluated, and analyzed in the rainy city of Rasht. In addition, based on findings of the study, some strategies for improving the Water management in the city of Rasht have been proposed. Since the extraction of its dimensions and indicators depends on an accurate and exact investigation of the resources and documents, data collection was done by a documentary study. In order to infer the repeatability and validity of the extracted data from the documentary texts, the content analysis was used. The extent of the significance of indicators is not the same. Therefore, after extracting dimensions, components and repeated indicators of integrated Water management, the coefficients of the significance of each level at a higher level, based on obtained data from content analysis, have been calculated by data from the experts’ questionnaire (Delphi) which is 5-point Likert scale method. At last, the significance of each indicator was determined. Results and discussion: Based on the findings obtained from experts’ questionnaire, the environmental indicator was the most significant factor in sustainable Urban Water management, as well as Urban river health and rate of rainWater storage with weights of 0. 0469 and 0. 0463, respectively. To analyze the present situation in Rasht city, observation, questionnaire, and statistical databases in the form of Swat Table were utilized as the instrumentation. By weighting the internal and external factors, based on the GOSP matrix, appropriate strategies were introduced in the group of adaptive strategies. In addition, prioritization was done by QSPM matrix strategies on different levels. Ultimately, appropriate policies for applying the Water-Sensitive Urban Design approach were made in Rasht city. The outcomes of these strategies can be as follows: transformation of the gray infrastructure network of the city of Rasht into the green-blue infrastructure network, eco-revelatory of green infrastructures instead of underground pipelines, changing attitudes towards the links of Water, nature and buildings, and increasing citizens’ awareness of the natural Water cycle, preventing Urban flooding in passages during rainfall, cleaning up the rivers of Zarjoob and Goharrood as well as wetlands of Rasht and making them the green corridors and major leisure spots, increasing green roofs, green walls and green terraces that have positive effects on the city’ s temperature, air quality, wildlife, and mental health, and reducing drinking Water consumption for non-drinking consumptions up to 50 percent (i. e., reduction of five million liters of drinking Water only by collecting and handling gray Water or rainWater and utilizing it as for rainWater flush tanks of buildings), etc. Conclusion: The (WSUD) approach, as the latest Urban Design approach for sustainable Urban Water management, has been developed for the management of surface runoff quality to a wider framework, i. e., for integrating Urban Water management in combination with Urban Design. It is noteworthy that it testifies that there is a possibility of managing surface Waters in the city, in such a way that, in spite of existing more than 2000 mm rainfall per year, and even the flow of 200 mm on height over the passageways, the use of Urban spaces is not disturbed.

This paper examines the level of attention to Water Sensitive Urban Design approach in Iran, leading to two questions: a) What are the objectives of (WSUD)? b) To what extent is attention paid to the objectives of (WSUD) in teaching landscape architecture and Urban Design fields? The research methodology of this research is combined (qualitative-quantitative). In the first step of the research, the qualitative strategy and content analysis method were used to extract the main and secondary objectives of (WSUD) from resources. Then, the extracted objectives were examined as measured components, based on the opinions of the panel of experts. In the second step, in order to evaluate the level of attention to the objectives of (WSUD) in the academic education in landscape architecture and Urban Design fields, the opinions of academicians in landscape architecture and Urban Design were collected. In the third step of the research, Shannon quantitative entropy strategy was used to analyze the answers to the questionnaires. Shannon entropy is one of the quantitative methods based on multi-criteria decision making and has an important role in information theory for data processing in content analysis. The analysis of the answers to the questionnaires using Entropy Method shows that among the five main components of (WSUD), in Urban Design and landscape architecture education, the performance component is much more important than other components and the two components of Water amenity and Water supply are in second rank, Water quality is in third place and Water quantity is in the fourth position. Among the 20 sub-components, the weight of 14 components (equivalent to 70% of the components) is the same and insignificant, which shows that little attention is paid to them in the process of landscape architecture and Urban Design education in Iran. The results indicate that the components with quantitative nature have a low position in landscape architecture and Urban Design education, while many of the qualitative components had attained higher weight than the quantitative components. This shows that the education of landscape architecture and Urban Design in Iran, especially in Water field, is mainly based on theoretical concepts and qualitative issues, and is not successful in preparing graduates of these fields to face the challenges in real projects. To close this gap, it is recommended to review the course descriptions of these two fields and determine how to enhance the knowledge of the teachers about the importance of Water for further studies.

On the eve of the year 2021, about a century has passed since the establishment of municipalities, and more than half a century has passed since the establishment of development planning laws and the beginning of the implementation of Urban planning projects. The purpose of creating these laws and establishing structures and organizations to implement them was to monitor the creation and development of cities to provide suitable conditions for citizens in life. The results of the implementation of Urban development projects show that these projects, despite spending a lot of money and energy, in many cases do not achieve their goals. Despite these problems, for many years, the lack of coordination of organizations related to Urban management, the lack of appropriate methods for preparing and implementing Urban plans and the lack of technical and financial capacity in the organs have been raised as important issues in project inefficiency. But the importance of not paying attention to the infrastructure that can affect Urban management and planning has been overlooked and among all the factors, Water has the most fundamental role as the main source of life and the basis of development. This grounded theory method first examines the causes and known factors of inefficiency of Urban planning in Iran, explains the relationship between this issue and the critical factors of inefficiency and then identifies the effect of paying attention to the pivotal role of Water in eliminating many of these factors, By presenting a local model for using the basics of WaterSensitive city Design in Urban planning, offers a proposal for operationalizing and making more practical the methods of Urban planning, which, if used in the future, can solve the problems of Urban planning in the country. Sensibly reduce and eliminate.

Climate changes, failure to complete the natural cycle of Water in the city due to unsustainable construction of the Urban environments and increase of impervious surfaces, lack of nutrition of underground aquifer in the cities, unsustainable management of stormWater and the fl oods due to them in the periods of rainfall caused to provide an approach that is called Water Sensitive Urban Design. This approach offers methods in the three parts; Sustainable management of stormWater, domestic scale Water management and wasteWater management. Different countries have pay to utilize of these methods according to their climatic conditions and their Urban forms each in different ways. This study shows for achieve success in use of (WSUD) methods we need situation and requirements such as: Legal framework, ability of methods to close Water cycle in cities to natural Water cycle, pay attention to aesthetic concepts and aspects, methods ability to achieve the technical objectives, pay attention to type of methods and the scale of site, pay attention to climate conditions and specifi cations in implementation of projects, the measure of selected methods effi ciency, public acceptance and integrated planning in the projects.

In recent years, the concept of Water Sensitive Urban Design has received considerable attention as an efficient approach to solving problems caused by conventional surface Water management in Australia. Water Sensitive Urban Design ((WSUD)) contributes to natural Water cycle restoration in Urban development. The technics proposed by this approach, in relation to optimal planning and management, improve the quality of runoff and reduce its volume, expand green space, and integrate the natural process with the city landscape. As the (WSUD) approach concentrates on technical-based scopes of environmental (ecological) interventions, it cannot be used as a comprehensive solution for environmental interventions. Therefore, it is assumed that (WSUD) can be used to develop a landscape model for environmental intervention by employing ecological aesthetic Design principles. The extant study reviews the relevant literature to find the gaps in this technical approach. This study was conducted to analyze and match the components obtained from research literature by using logical argumentation regarding the position of Water Sensitive approach in the development. Besides, necessity of ecology aesthetic was taken into account for a sustainable landscape. Since Water-Sensitive technics follow the natural processes to be matched with varying environmental conditions, these technics have a natural beauty. It should be mentioned that the beauty of nature has been proved while its relationship with culture has remained undefined. As the mediating element between ecology and culture in landscape Design, ecological aesthetics outlines the process of landscape Design using (WSUD) solutions and measures to improve the mental and human aspects of the landscape.

Expended Abstract: Introduction: Today cities are facing a variety of complex challenges called “ wicked problems” . Increase in frequency and severity of rainfall and long periods of heat and drought resulted from climate change, Urban population growth and its consequences, Water crisis and its’ supply challenges, environmental pollutions in all dimensions, and extensive changes in land use are some of these issues. There are different approaches to integrate managing Water resources in Urban areas, one of which is "Integrated drinking Water management" suggested between 1960 and 1970 by the Civil Engineering Society. ...

Unsustainable growth of cities and creation a set of contiguous impervious surfaces have result on disorder of natural cycle of Water in Urban environments. This situation causes flooding and problems due it, pollution of groundWater resources and degrade the quality of the Urban landscape by increase the speed, volume and frequency period of runoffs. conventional methods about the stormWater management have failed to demonstrate their effectiveness in this field. Thus, in recent years a new topic are created in the field of Urban Design that known as "Water Sensitive Urban Design". Water Sensitive Urban Design (short: (WSUD)) is the interdisciplinary cooperation of Water management, infrastructer engineering, Urban Design, and landscape Designing. (WSUD) develops integrative strategies for ecological, economical, social, and cultural sustainability.The purpose of Water Sensitive Urban Design is to combine the demands of sustainable storm Water management with the demands of Urban Designing, and thus bringing the Urban Water cycle closer to a natural one. This approach attempts to increase Urban sustainability indicators, improve the quality of Urban landscape and Urban space amenities by offer operational mechanisms in relation to Urban Design and it attempts not only to close the Urban Water cycle in its natural cycle and achieve technical goals, but gain optimal utilization of runoff and change the vision of the issue from a threat to a valuable opportunity. The following is a description of some essential methods for sustainable storm Water management. These methods are grouped according to their primary function: Water reuse, treatment, detention and infiltration, conveyance, and evapotranspiration. Here is the techniques of Water Sensitive Urban Design about storm Water management and link them to Urban Design concepts, till through that some methods to be introduced that they are more efficient than conventional storm Water management methods about performance, helping to complete the natural cycle of Water, environmental sustainability of cities and Urban Design aspects.

over-Urbanization negatively affects on Urban temperatures and results in the formation of Urban heat islands. Outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) occurs in such exacerbated conditions, influencing health, well-being, and productivity of Urban dwellers. Therefore, cities need to urgently evaluate the OTC and act to ensure providing acceptable OTC in built-up settings. As such, many studies envisaged to understand outdoor thermal performance of Urban environments based on their geometrical features and suggest mitigation strategies against the negative effects of heat stress. Reviewing the literature reveals that most of the previous studies are focused on the Urban scenarios of a single canyon or a limited number of individual buildings with simplified and uniform geometrical features without including the effect of surrounding Urban neighbourhoods. Furthermore, most studies only calculate OTC at a certain time and location in the space where field measurements are conducted. Since these field measurements are scattered in time and space, the comprehensive tempo-spatial distributions of OTC cannot be achieved to have a comprehensive understanding of outdoor environments performance. In this regards, the OTC tempo-spatial visualization is essential in outdoor environments. This study aims to develop a framework to comprehensively evaluate the performance of OTC and assess the effect of geometrical features on the spatial and temporal distribution of thermal comfort in residential neighbourhoods. The proposed framework is applied to the case study of Tehran city where three residential Urban configurations are selected with different geometrical features (organic, orthogonal and apartments block) to conduct a series of high-resolution simulations. This study follows a step by step process to understand the impact of built-up Urban areas on their thermal comfort performance: (1) development of 3-D models of three selected neighbourhoods, (2) tempo-spatial OTC analysis, (3), and understanding the impact of geometrical parameters on the thermal comfort performance. The study reveals that all the selected areas have a significant deviation from the acceptable comfort range with mostly moderate and strong heat stress. The differences in OTC performance of these areas is related to the geometrical features of buildings and canyons including neighbourhood layout and proportion of open and built-up areas and canyons’,profiles (building’,height, aspect ratio and orientation). The spatial variation of OTC is more significant in orthogonal areas and apartment complexes while organic settings provide a less distributive comfort performance with lower hours of heat stress and discomfort. Results show that the cooling effect of organic neighbourhoods is higher due to the higher rate of aspect ratio in canyons. Orthogonal and apartment cases have higher mean radiant temperature mostly above 40°, C. In the apartment complex, open spaces show the highest rate of heat stress, due to the long exposure to shortwave solar radiation. In this area, the most important domain of retrofitting strategies should be focused on landscape planning for green planting and Water bodies. The results of this study help to identify Design solutions that should be incorporated in the planning studies and as a result, a holistic perspective would be achieved for better decision-making via this tempo-spatial comprehensive analysis.

In Water distribution networks the initial and rehabilitation Design are usually perform separately. However, it seems that the influence of the initial Design upon the future condition of the network performance during operational years and rehabilitation activities are undeniable. Therefore, by combining the initial and rehabilitation Designs, a new method is presented in this paper. This method called Dynamic Design of Water distribution networks is capable of introducing cheaper and more reliable long term Designs in comparison with normal initial Design and rehabilitation Design of networks. To assess this method, a fuzzy reliability index is introduced. Then by developing the multi objective version of the honey-bee mating optimization algorithm and applying it on two sample networks, final results of the multi objective dynamic Design method is presented. Finally, this paper showed the positive performance and influence of dynamic Design method on decreasing the Design costs and increasing system reliability.

In recent decades, due to the high cost of running a Water supply network, Designers have been trying to Design networks with the least cost and maximum reliability. Networks that are able to provide good services in the face of demand changes or failure of the pipeline. Several indexes for reliability measurements were introduced and used as one of the objective functions along with cost in Water distribution systems Design problem. One of the issues that has been highlighted in recent years is which of these indicators are more successful in measuring the reliability of a Water supply network. In this study, six famous reliability indicator entitled Minimum surplus head (MSH), total surplus head (TSH), resilience index (RI), network resilience index (NRI) and modified resilience index (MRI), entropy reliability indicator (ERI) and a new presented reliability indicator entitled Ratio of surplus head (MSH) described and used as one of the objective functions of a Water distribution system Design optimization problem. For this purpose, a multi-objective differential evolution algorithm has been developed in Matlab software and linked to the Epanet as the hydraulic solver. The generated algorithm applied on two different sample networks with different nature (gravitational feeding and feeding with pumping stations). To analysis of real hydraulic and mechanical reliability of obtained networks in optimization processes, a large number of abnormal operating conditions such as Water demand uncertainty or pipes burst scenarios have been generated and applied on obtained Pareto Fronts of each optimization process. Then, the percentage of scenarios that each network could not satisfy the Design’s constraints or failed in response to them has been calculated. The over demand’s scenarios were sampled using the general normal distribution method. The percentage of scenarios that each answer (Water network in Pareto Front) cannot satisfy the Design constraint has been measured and called Hydraulic Failure Percentage (HFP). Also, for modeling the abnormal mechanical conditions, lot of scenarios were produced with broken pipes. In each of these scenarios, there is a possibility of one to ten different pipes break. The locations of burst pipes are selected randomly. The percentage of scenarios that each case cannot satisfy the Design constraint has been measured and called Mechanical Failure Percentage (MFP). These scenarios would remain constant for all of members of Pareto Fronts. The lower value of HFP and MFP demonstrate the greater ability of the network to deal with changes in nodal demand and the pipe bursts respectively. For deeper analysis, the conditions of failing (Not satisfying the constraints) divides into three sub-state as flowing: State A: Pressure of all nodes is more than the minimum acceptable pressure in all time. State B: Pressure of all nodes is more than 95% of the minimum acceptable pressure in all time. State C: Pressure of 95% of nodes is more than the minimum acceptable pressure in all time. The results of calculations summarized and have been shown in the diagrams. Results show that MSH and RI are the best indicators for optimal Design of Water supply networks without pumping station and include it.